"If every mutation out there was reported, it would be like reporting changes in the weather, " he said.
“倘若报告所有的突变，那就像报告天气的变化一样，”他说。Further sequencing, sequencing results showed the footage inserted in line with expectations, there was no mutation, the correct time frame.
又进一步测序鉴定，测序结果表明插入的片段与预期相符，没有出现碱基突变，其读码框正确。It is always just a question of time until the pathogens mutate and become insensitive. It's a never ending arms race.
病原菌突变产生耐药性，这永远只是个时间的问题，因此这是一场永远不会止步的武器竞赛。For some it's temporary, perhaps triggered by particular events or transitions, while for others, it seems to be a permanent fact of life.
有时是暂时的，可能是由于某些特殊事情或突变而引起的；而对有些人来说，似乎很长时间都很孤独。Given the bottom-up nature of development, mutant switches could have large-scale consequences.
考虑到自上而下的发展本质，突变开关能产生大规模的结果。But it all depends on the work of specialized cells called lymphocytes that have made a risky evolutionary gambit to mutate their own DNA.
但是它完全依赖称作淋巴细胞的特殊细胞，这种细胞通过突变自身DNA开始了具危险性的进化之旅。Some of these attributes and attitudes may be permanent, or at least only partially subject to the vagaries of the economic cycle.
这些品质态度或许有些会亘古不变，至少，只会在经济循环的突变中有些许变化。Until now, however, researchers did not know which mutations could make this happen.
然而，迄今为止科学家还不知道什么样的突变会让这种情况出现。That makes it easy to see when particular genetic mutations happened, and thus to construct a human family tree.
这个特点使得特殊的基因突变发生时比较容易看得出来，于是就可以构建一个人类族谱树状图。